By Dramadri Federick.

For two years, I have periodically trekked along the banks of River Enyau on foot to monitor human activities, document environmental abuses, and study why the degradation of this vital waterway receives so little meaningful intervention from the source to Albert Nile where it pours its waters.

Running 75 kilometers through Uganda’s West Nile region before feeding into the Albert Nile and then White Nile, River Enyau is the sole operational lifeline for over 140,000 connected residents on the National Water supply system and an essential ecological buffer. Yet today, this critical tributary is collapsing. Driven by unregulated pollution, unchecked agricultural encroachment, human settlements, systemic enforcement failures, and millions of dollars in unaccounted conservation funds, the Enyau is undergoing a slow ecological death exposing a glaring gap between Uganda’s ambitious environmental laws and its reality on the ground.

For generations, communities along the banks of River Enyau valued it as far more than a simple water source. Rooted in deep customary traditions, the river was a collectively protected natural asset, governed by indigenous practices that strictly discouraged the destruction of wetlands and riverbanks. Families relied on its waters for drinking, agriculture, fishing, and livestock, while traditional norms ensured the ecosystem’s preservation long before formal state conservation mechanisms emerged.

Martha Tiko Ondoga Zamvadeni, Minister for Natural Resources and Environment at Lugbara Kari, the supreme cultural institution of the Lugbara people underscores this historical stewardship.

“The Lugbara culture, through its norms, prohibited settlement or encroachment into protected areas such as rivers, forests, and hills considered sacred. These sites were believed to ‘host gods’ and ancestors, and the prohibition was intended to safeguard the flora and fauna within. The people ensured these areas were highly respected and not tampered with.” Tiko explained.

Originating from the Ezuku Forest Reserve in Vurra Sub-county, River Enyau meanders through Arua City and the districts of Maracha, Terego, and Yumbe before joining the Albert Nile system in Madi Okollo District, where it empties into the White Nile. For decades, it has sustained hundreds of thousands of households across Uganda’s West Nile sub-region and served as the primary raw water source for the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC).

State Neglect and Unregulated Abuse.

Near the Enyau Bridge, adjacent to NWSC’s regional offices in Arua, an informal car washing enterprise operates directly on the riverbank. Here, approximately 20 young men organized under the Enyau Car Washers Association (ECWA), wash vehicles directly in the riverbed. Their clients include drivers of commercial trucks, cesspool emptiers, fuel tankers, and vehicles owned by prominent individuals, private corporations, local governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and law enforcement entities including the Uganda Police Force. Plastic waste from the nearby Ediofe Trading Centre further compounds the contamination.

Francis Alionzi, the Chairperon of the Car Washers Association, notes that while members are willing to cease washing vehicles in the river, they lack the capital to build an off-stream facility.

“We charge between UGX 1,000 and above, depending on the vehicle size. Though we were asked to relocate away from the river with promises of new car wash jets, water tanks, and a complete alternative facility by NEMA [National Environment Management Authority] and other partners, no action has been taken. If these promises were fulfilled, we would be willing to leave.”

This dilemma illustrates the acute tension between environmental protection and local economic survival.

River Enyau is the operational backbone for NWSC in West Nile, serving as the source for more than 140,000 connected residents across Arua City, Arua District, and Terego District.

Jessica Ondoru, NWSC Area Manager for Arua, explains that upstream human activities directly impair water treatment and distribution, driving up treatment costs and forcing emergency interventions:

“The river is the main source of water that supplies Arua City, Arua, and Terego districts. During the dry season, when water levels decrease, we rely on boreholes. The dry season from January to June this year was the worst. It hit us badly and we were rationing water. Many of our clients resorted to alternative sources by drilling their own boreholes affecting our client base.”

Vincent Odata, the Water Quality Control Officer at NWSC’s regional station treatment plant added that unchecked bank disturbance of the river causes extreme soil erosion, elevating raw water turbidity up to 1,100 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), a level that severely strains chemical treatment budgets and mechanical filtration systems.

“Since the buffers have been tampered with, the soil along River Enyau is loose and often causes flooding that submerges our machines, forcing us to shut down operations. On average, we abstract 5,000 cubic meters [5,000,000 liters] daily and supply 4,500 cubic meters. The water we draw from the river is generally muddy, full of fragments that are dangerous to human health and needs serious treatment.”

The Multi-Million Dollar Funding Gap

Multiple multi-billion-shilling conservation initiatives have been launched to restore the River Enyau catchment. In 2022, the Ministry of Water and Environment launched the Integrated Water Management and Development Project, a five-year programme worth UGX 70 billion (approx. USD 18.7 million), with World Bank support. The following year, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) allocated USD 38,000 to re-demarcate portions of the river’s buffer zone. Later in July 2025, NWSC partnered with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to initiate a UGX 38 billion Water Source Protection Project targeting nearly 20 kilometers of catchment supplying Arua City, Terego, and Yumbe districts.

Despite these significant investments, degradation continues. A 2022 technical assessment by Segamu 14 Consults Limited, commissioned by the Ministry of Water and Environment, revealed that over 50 hectares of wetlands within the River Enyau catchment had been degraded by human activity.

Local residents report worsening climate vulnerability and infrastructure destruction.

Rita Aketonga, a resident near Ediofe Trading Centre has periodically faced the impacts of flooding waters of river Enyau.

“After floods submerged my house halfway, deep cracks formed in the walls. We received no support from either government or NGO and now entrust our fate to God because this house may one day collapse on us.”

Francis Embati, living within the statutory river buffer zone in Arua city, admits that encroachment worsens flood impacts but cites land scarcity.

“Floods continue destroying our crops and homes, but without alternative land offered by government, we have nowhere else to go.”

Joseph Drileba, another local resident who resisted eviction argued that he has a land title given to him by Arua city land board in the buffer zone of the river. “If the government wants to evict people from the riverbanks, they must compensate families so they can acquire land and rebuild livelihoods.”

According to the Rural Initiative for Community Empowerment (RICE West Nile), working with over 300 households, farming in wetlands and direct vehicle washing are primary pollution drivers.

Meanwhile, the Uganda Red Cross Society reported that recent flooding along River Enyau affected approximately 200 households, washing away acres of crops, killing livestock and damaging structural properties. The organization warns that over 150 homesteads,approximately 1,200 people, mostly women and childrenremain in dire need of emergency humanitarian relief.

Opaque Fundraising and Governance Concerns

In November 2024, the Ministry of Water and Environment via NWSC’s Lira Sub-Regional Office, organized the “Save River Enyau Run” under the theme “Public Participation Coordination for Effective Conservation.” Over 10,000 participants paid a registration fee of 30,000 Shillings each, raising an estimated 307.5 million Shillingsapprox. USD 82,000. The run was repeated in 2025.

However, no public financial report or expenditure audit was published following the events. Out of the promised interventions, only nine public dustbins were placed at city headquarters, and those subsequently vanished mysteriously.

When contacted, Deneth Mugarura, the coordinator for the Save River Enyau Marathon at the Ministry’s Lira sub-regional office, stated that “The funds we mobilized were basically used to offset public address systems and other things we hired. We also used the event basically to create awareness on the need to conserve the river.”

Local environmental activists and officials express deep skepticism regarding the management of these public funds.

Richard Andama Ferua, environmental activist who took part in the first run said the activity has no relevance to the ecosystem conservation and preservation.

“Many participants paid money, yet organizers have not transparently declared collection totals or expenditures now for more than a year. If monies were for restoring the river, we would expect immediate steps like demarcating riverbanks, tree planting, or evicting encroachers, but nothing of that sort is happening.”

Meanwhile Alfred Okuonzi, former Arua District Chairperson urges proactive measures to rescue the dying river.

“The river is drying up. While projects and funding announcements abound, local communities see little tangible restoration. What is truly happening? Government rarely resorts to public fundraising, this is raising serious accountability concerns.”

Richard Matua, Assistant Commissioner in the Ministry of Water and Environment expresses lack of knowledge at the Ministry about the Marathon.

“I’m not aware of any Ministry project involving such a run. Our projects in the river supported by partners, do not include this event.”

David Kyasanku, Arua City Town Clerk, confirmed that event funds were handled by NWSC’s Lira office but declined official recorded comment.

Mary Dawaru, Senior Environment Officer for Ayivu Division in Arua City reveled that “Local governments are engaged mainly during launch ceremonies. Implementation is handled by NGOs and partners coordinating with the Ministry, with minimal feedback to us.”

Julius Mukunda, Executive Director of the Civil Society Budget Advocacy Group (CSBAG) warned that “Public fundraising without robust accountability invites misuse and erodes trust in conservation.”

Institutional Failure and Legal Impunity

Uganda possesses comprehensive statutory environmental law governing the management and conservation of ecosystems including the National Environment Act (2019) under its section 55 prohibits activities leading to wetland degradation and prescribes punitive fines and imprisonment terms for offenders. Another punitive legislation under Land Act (Cap 227) Invalidates land titles issued over wetlands post-1998, while Section 54(2) expressly forbids the government from granting titles over protected natural resources.

Despite these legal provisions, enforcement mechanisms remain severely constrained.

A report by the Auditor General on Climate Change and Natural Resource Management revealed that while national wetland coverage officially expanded from 8.9% to 13.9%, approximately 6.3% of national land and wetland areas remain degraded due to illegal conversion. Furthermore, due to budgetary constraints, only 18% constituting 739.34 sq km of a targeted 4,050 sq km of wetland boundaries have been demarcated nationwide due to budgetary constraints. Of 319 formal restoration and eviction orders issued nationally, only 46% have been executed.

Mary Dawaru attributes local enforcement failure in Ayivu Division to severe understaffing, systemic budget deficits, and corruption in land title issuance over buffer zones, and poor community compliance.

“We issued 120 eviction notices along River Enyau buffers in 2024 but couldn’t enforce them. Without Ministry support, enforcement and coordination falter. We need enhanced budgetary allocations for vigorous enforcement.”

Nationwide, Uganda maintains 8,614 gazetted wetlands covering 37,346 square kilometers across 146 districts and 11 cities. To police this vast landscape, the country deploys just 45 Environmental Police Force officers and one environmental court situated in Kampala.

Human Cost and the Path to Restoration

Faced with official inaction, some local communities are taking initiative. At the river’s source in Ezuku Parish, Arua District, residents supported by the Ezuku Church of Uganda have begun planting native trees along buffer lines backed by the Bishop of Madi West Nile Diocese Rt. Rev. Charles Collins Andaku in his tree planting Campaign while utilizing adjacent land for short-term crops.

The degradation of River Enyau highlights the fundamental challenge of balancing ecosystem conservation, community livelihoods, and institutional accountability across Uganda’s protected zones.

Uganda joined the ongoing United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), launched on World Environment Day (5 June 2021), aiming to build global political momentum to restore damaged ecosystems in alignment with the Rio Conventions and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15 (Life on Land) for which Uganda has committed.

For policy decision-makers and international environmental partners, preserving River Enyau requires more than issuing funding commitments. It demands transparent financial management, targeted support for community livelihoods, strict legal enforcement, and active local governance. Only by confronting these intertwined challenges can this vital Nile tributary avoid complete ecological collapse.

END.